Lucrezia Stefanini wygrała w radomskim turnieju – Miejski Ośrodek Sportu i Rekreacji w Radomiu

Włoszka Lucrezia Stefanini wygrała turnieju pań PZT Polish Tour W25 Radom. W finale Lucrezia Stefanini pokonała w trzech setach Czeszkę Miriam Kolodziejovą 4:6, 6:2, 6:3.

Turniej został rozegrany na kortach MOSiR na Borkach. W rywalizacji wzięło udział ponad siedemdziesiąt zawodniczek z ponad dwudziestu krajów.

Przypomnijmy, że w turnieju deblistek zwyciężyły Japonki Mana Kawamura i Funa Kozaki.

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Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks

# Steroids in Clinical Practice
**Mechanisms, Therapeutic Applications, Safety Considerations, and Practical Guidance**

—

## 1. Introduction

Steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, progestins, estrogens) are indispensable tools in modern medicine.
They exert profound effects on inflammation, immune modulation,
electrolyte balance, metabolic pathways, and reproductive physiology.

While their therapeutic benefits are undeniable,
improper use can lead to significant adverse events.
This review synthesizes current evidence on steroid pharmacology,
clinical indications, contraindications, dosing strategies, monitoring
protocols, and patient‑centered risk mitigation.

—

## 2. Pharmacological Foundations

—

## 4. Clinical Relevance & Practical Tips

| **Clinical Scenario** | **Hormone Involved** | **Key Points to Remember** |
|————————|———————-|—————————|
| Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s)
| Aldosterone, cortisol | **Low aldosterone → hyperkalemia, hyponatremia; low cortisol → hypoglycemia,
fatigue**. Treat with glucocorticoids + mineralocorticoid.
|
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21‑hydroxylase deficiency) | 17α‑OHP | Elevated 17α‑OHP → androgen excess →
ambiguous genitalia in females, precocious puberty in males.
Treatment: glucocorticoids to suppress ACTH;
fludrocortisone if needed. |
| Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome) | Aldosterone ↑ | **Hypertension,
hypokalemia**. Treat with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist or surgery.
|
| Cushing’s disease | Cortisol ↑ | **Central obesity,
moon face, purple striae, hypertension, glucose intolerance**.
Treat by pituitary surgery or radiation; adrenal suppression therapy if necessary.
|

—

## 5. Summary of Key Points

—

## 3. How the Model Works – Step‑by‑Step

| Phase | What the model does | Output produced |
|——-|——————–|—————–|
| **1️⃣ Initialization** | • Loads a high‑resolution graph of adrenal steroidogenesis (nodes = enzymes,
substrates; edges = reactions).
• Stores pre‑trained weights for each enzyme’s activity based on literature and omics data.
| Ready to simulate hormone production. |
| **2️⃣ Parameter Setting** | • Accepts user‑defined inputs:
• *Plasma ACTH* (ng/mL),
• *Cortisol baseline* (µg/dL).
• Optional modulation of key enzymes (e.g., up‑regulate CYP11B1 by 20%).
| Creates a custom simulation scenario. |
| **3️⃣ Forward Simulation** | • Uses differential equations to propagate ACTH → adrenal steroidogenesis:
`dCortisol/dt = f(ACTH, enzyme activities)`
• Solves the system over a defined time horizon (e.g., 24 h).
| Computes predicted cortisol trajectory. |
| **4️⃣ Output Generation** | • Provides:
– Cortisol vs. time plot.
– Summary statistics (peak value, AUC, time‑to‑peak).

– Sensitivity analysis results for each enzyme parameter.
| Delivers actionable insights to clinicians. |

—

## 4. **Potential Clinical Use Cases**

| Scenario | What the Tool Helps With |
|———-|————————|
| **Cushing’s Disease Management** | Predict how changes in ACTH production (e.g.,
after pituitary surgery or radiation) will affect
cortisol levels, guiding postoperative monitoring. |
| **Adrenal Insufficiency Titration** | Simulate dose adjustments of glucocorticoid replacement therapy and assess the impact on downstream enzyme activity
and cortisol output. |
| **Pharmacological Intervention Planning** | Evaluate potential effects of
drugs that modulate CYP11B1 or CYP17A1 (e.g., steroidogenesis inhibitors)
before initiating therapy. |
| **Educational Tool for Clinicians** | Visualize the endocrine
feedback loop, reinforcing understanding of how upstream hormone changes propagate through the
system. |

—

## 5. Implementation Roadmap

### 5.1 System Architecture Overview

„`
+——————+
| User Interface |
| (Web/Mobile App) |
+——–+———+
|
v
+——————+
| API Gateway | (Microservices)
+——–+———+
|
v
+——————+
| Data Layer |
| (PostgreSQL) |
+——–+———+
„`

– **User Interface**: Responsive web app + optional mobile app.
Uses standard authentication flows.
– **API Gateway**: Exposes endpoints for CRUD operations on `person` and `address`.
Handles rate limiting, caching.
– **Business Logic Layer**: Enforces business rules (e.g.,
unique email per person). Could be split into microservices if needed.

– **Data Layer**: PostgreSQL relational database. Indexes on `email`, `uuid`.

#### 4.2 Data Modeling

„`sql
CREATE TABLE person (
id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
uuid UUID NOT NULL UNIQUE DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),

first_name TEXT NOT NULL,
last_name TEXT NOT NULL,
email TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT now()
);

CREATE TABLE address (
id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
person_id BIGINT REFERENCES person(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
uuid UUID NOT NULL UNIQUE DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
street TEXT NOT NULL,
city TEXT NOT NULL,
state TEXT NOT NULL,
zip_code TEXT NOT NULL,
country TEXT NOT NULL,
created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT now()
);
„`

### Step 2: Configure the Database Connection

Create a `.env` file to store your database credentials securely:

„`plaintext
DATABASE_URL=postgres://username:password@localhost:5432/your_database_name
„`

Then, set up a database client in your application. For example, using `pg`
library for Node.js:

„`javascript
const Pool = require(’pg’);
require(’dotenv’).config();

const pool = new Pool(
connectionString: process.env.DATABASE_URL,
);

module.exports =
query: (text, params) => pool.query(text, params),
;
„`

### Step 3: Write CRUD Functions

Create functions for each CRUD operation. For example:

„`javascript
// createUser.js
const db = require(’./db’);

async function createUser(name, email)
const result = await db.query(
'INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING
*’,
name, email
);
return result.rows0;

module.exports = createUser;

// readUsers.js
const db = require(’./db’);

async function getAllUsers()
const result = await db.query(’SELECT * FROM
users’);
return result.rows;

module.exports = getAllUsers;

// updateUser.js
const db = require(’./db’);

async function updateUser(id, name, email)
const result = await db.query(
'UPDATE users SET name = $1, email = $2 WHERE id = $3 RETURNING *’,
name, email, id
);
return result.rows0;

module.exports = updateUser;

// deleteUser.js
const db = require(’./db’);

async function deleteUser(id)
const result = await db.query(’DELETE FROM users WHERE
id = $1 RETURNING *’, id);
return result.rows0;

module.exports = deleteUser;
„`

### Explanation

– **CRUD Functions**: Each CRUD operation is defined
in its own file:
– `createUser.js`: Inserts a new user into the database.

– `readUsers.js`: Retrieves all users from the database.

– `updateUser.js`: Updates an existing user’s
details.
– `deleteUser.js`: Deletes a user from the database.

– **Database Queries**: These functions use parameterized queries (`$1`, `$2`, etc.) to safely pass values
into SQL statements, preventing SQL injection attacks.

– **Modular Design**: Each CRUD operation is separated into its own module.

This design makes it easier to manage and test each function independently.

– **Usage Example**:
„`javascript
const createUser = require(’./crud/createUser’);
const getUsers = require(’./crud/getUsers’);

// Create a new user
await createUser(’John Doe’, 'john@example.com’, 'password123′);

// Get all users
const users = await getUsers();
console.log(users);
„`

—

### 📌 Summary

– **`schema.js`**: Defines the database schema and
sets up relationships between tables.
– **`crud.js`**: Provides CRUD operations for managing records in the database.

These files together help manage the data structure and
interactions within a PostgreSQL database.

If you have more details or need specific code snippets, let me
know! 🚀

—

If there’s anything else you’d like to explore or if you need additional clarification on any part of these concepts, feel free to ask!

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Anavar, known scientifically as oxandrolone, has gained a reputation among bodybuilders and athletes for its potential to produce noticeable changes in physique over a relatively short period.
Users often report increased muscle definition, a leaner appearance, and enhanced performance during training sessions when they adhere to a structured 30‑day cycle.
While individual results vary based on factors
such as diet, workout intensity, genetics, and prior experience with anabolic steroids, the general trend observed across
many reports is a clear progression from the starting point to a more refined muscular profile after just one month of use.

Anavar Before and After Results

Before beginning a 30‑day Anavar cycle, most individuals find themselves at a plateau in terms of muscle
mass and strength. The body may already be lean, but gains tend to stall due to hormonal imbalances or insufficient anabolic
stimulation. During the first week of administration, users often notice an initial surge in energy and motivation, which translates into more aggressive training sessions.
By day ten, many people observe a subtle increase in muscle firmness and a reduction in water retention, giving their shoulders, arms,
and chest a slightly tighter look.

In the second week, the cumulative effects become more pronounced.
Muscle fibers that have been stressed during workouts
begin to repair with greater efficiency, thanks to Anavar’s support for protein synthesis.
This leads to visible improvements in muscular definition, particularly around areas such as the abs, calves, and triceps.

The user may also experience a heightened sense of focus, allowing them
to push through more intense sets or higher repetition ranges without feeling fatigued.

By week three, the changes are often unmistakable.
Muscle mass has increased modestly—enough to be seen on camera or in a
mirror—but it is accompanied by a significant reduction in body
fat percentage. The skin becomes smoother, and veins may become slightly more prominent due
to the leaner state of the tissue. This period also tends to
coincide with an uptick in overall strength; users frequently report being able to lift heavier
weights or perform additional reps compared to their baseline performance.

The final week of a 30‑day cycle typically consolidates these gains.

Anavar’s antiestrogenic properties continue to mitigate water retention, preserving the lean aesthetic that has
been developing over the month. Users often find themselves achieving peak performance
during this phase, with the ability to maintain high intensity for longer durations.

At the end of the cycle, many report a noticeable
difference in their overall physique: more pronounced muscle separation, a firmer core, and a reduced layer of
subcutaneous fat.

Anavar Before and After Results (continued)

Following the completion of a 30‑day Anavar cycle,
individuals often evaluate their progress by comparing before and after photographs.

The transformation is usually evident in several key areas:

Muscle definition: Enhanced separation between muscle groups, especially
in the chest, shoulders, and arms.

Core strength: A tighter midsection with visible abs, reflecting
both reduced fat and increased lean tissue.

Lower body: More defined calves and thighs, often appearing slimmer yet more muscular.

Recovery: Faster rebound after intense workouts,
allowing for a higher training frequency.

Nutrition also plays a crucial role in maximizing these results.
Adequate protein intake supports muscle repair, while controlled
carbohydrate consumption helps maintain energy levels without promoting excess fat gain. Many users combine Anavar with a well‑structured
diet plan to accelerate the visible changes seen during and after the
cycle.

How Does Anavar Enhance Strength?

Anavar enhances strength primarily through its ability to stimulate anabolic pathways in the body.
By binding to androgen receptors, oxandrolone activates
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Anavar’s influence on red blood cell production further contributes
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muscles. Better oxygenation supports endurance
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Consequently, users may experience improved performance across a
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Another mechanism by which Anavar boosts strength involves its
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The world of peptide therapy has expanded rapidly in recent
years, bringing compounds such as CJC‑1295 and Ipamorelin into the spotlight
for their potential to promote growth hormone release,
enhance muscle recovery, and support overall vitality.
While these peptides are celebrated for their benefits, it
is essential to understand that they are not free from side effects.
Users who incorporate CJC‑1295 or Ipamorelin into their regimen should be fully aware of what might occur when the body
responds to these substances, especially when taken together as a
synergistic duo often referred to as „CJC‑Ipamorelin.” Below is an in-depth look at the side effects
associated with this combination, a clear definition of each peptide, and a closer
examination of common symptoms such as light-headedness or weakness.

—

CJC Ipamorelin Side Effects: What You Need to Know

Both CJC‑1295 (a growth hormone releasing hormone analogue) and Ipamorelin (a selective
ghrelin receptor agonist) work by stimulating
the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. This hormonal surge can trigger a cascade of physiological changes that, while generally beneficial, may also lead to unwanted effects in some individuals.

Common side effects

Injection site reactions – redness, swelling, itching or mild pain where the
peptide is injected.

Water retention and bloating – growth hormone promotes sodium and fluid retention, which can result in a puffy appearance or discomfort.

Joint stiffness or aches – increased collagen turnover may temporarily affect
joint mobility.

Headaches and migraines – changes in blood flow and hormonal levels can trigger headaches.

Fatigue or lethargy – paradoxically, the surge of growth hormone can cause a temporary dip
in energy after initial stimulation.

Increased appetite – especially with Ipamorelin, which mimics ghrelin’s hunger signals.

Mood fluctuations – some users report mild anxiety, irritability, or mood swings during the first weeks
of use.

Less common but noteworthy reactions

Sleep disturbances – growth hormone cycles are closely tied to sleep; some individuals
notice altered sleep patterns.

Elevated blood sugar levels – because growth hormone can influence insulin sensitivity, glucose monitoring may be advisable for those with metabolic concerns.

Altered lipid profiles – subtle changes in cholesterol
or triglyceride levels have been reported in small
studies.

It is important to remember that the severity and presence of side effects vary widely.

Factors such as dosage, frequency of injections,
individual physiology, concurrent medications, and overall health
status all play a role in determining how one reacts to CJC‑Ipamorelin therapy.

What is CJC Ipamorelin?

CJC‑1295 and Ipamorelin are often paired because they
complement each other’s mechanisms.

CJC‑1295

A synthetic analogue of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH).

Designed to bind more tightly to the GHRH receptor, thereby stimulating a sustained release
of growth hormone over several hours.

Available in two forms: a long‑acting version with a carboxyl terminal extension that resists degradation, and a shorter form that is cleared from the body more
quickly.

Ipamorelin

A pentapeptide that selectively activates the ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a).

Mimics the action of natural ghrelin but without the broad appetite‑stimulating effects
seen with other peptides.

Known for its minimal side effect profile, particularly regarding
mood or metabolic disturbances.

When combined, these peptides create a robust stimulation of growth hormone secretion: CJC‑1295 maintains an elevated baseline
level, while Ipamorelin provides periodic spikes that
mimic natural physiological rhythms. This synergy is why many athletes and
bodybuilders use the pair to maximize anabolic potential without resorting to
more aggressive or less selective compounds.

Feeling Light-headed or Weak

One of the more frequently reported complaints among new users is a sensation of light-headedness or general weakness,
especially during the first few injections. Several mechanisms can explain this
feeling:

Rapid changes in blood pressure – Growth hormone influences vascular tone and fluid distribution. A sudden increase in circulating growth hormone may
cause a brief drop in peripheral resistance, leading to mild hypotension that
manifests as dizziness.

Electrolyte shifts – Water retention associated with growth hormone can alter sodium levels in the bloodstream, potentially affecting nerve conduction and muscle strength temporarily.

Sleep cycle disruption – If the injection is taken close to bedtime or if growth hormone release alters
REM cycles, fatigue may arise, making a person feel weak during waking hours.

Neural adaptation – The body’s nervous system may
take time to adjust to the new hormonal environment; this can produce transient feelings of instability or light-headedness.

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Start with lower doses – Gradually titrate up to
allow the body to acclimate.

Maintain hydration and balanced electrolytes – Ensure adequate sodium intake if water retention is significant.

Space injections appropriately – Avoid taking peptides immediately before or after intense physical activity,
as this can exacerbate dizziness.

Monitor blood pressure – Especially for individuals with a history of low blood pressure; use a home monitor to track
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such as inadequate dose adjustment, interaction with other medications, or a more serious reaction that
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of light-headedness. Understanding these potential reactions—and taking
proactive steps to manage them—can help users harness the benefits while
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