Zdjęcia z ROCO Boxing Night – Miejski Ośrodek Sportu i Rekreacji w Radomiu

Zapraszamy do oglądania zdjęć z gali boksu jaka odbyła się w hali MOSiR w ubiegły piątek, 19 września. Walki były transmitowane przez telewizję polsat, a komentatorem był sam Mateusz Borek. Galeria dostępna w naszym dziale „foto” jak również pod linkiem TUTAJ.

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Below is a practical „recipe” you can copy‑paste into a lab
notebook or spreadsheet and use right away.

It assumes you already know the base polymer (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA) and that you want to keep the formulation as close to the commercial grade
as possible while still being able to tune the glass transition temperature (Tg).

—

1. Baseline „commercial‑grade” formulation

Component Typical % by weight Notes

Monomer (e.g., MMA) 95–97 % The bulk of the polymer; keep high
to match commercial Tg (~105 °C for PMMA).

Initiator (e.g., benzoyl peroxide, BPO) 0.1–0.3 % Drives polymerization; keeps final Mw ~200‑300 kDa (typical).

Chain transfer agent (CTA) or none 0–0.05 % If used, can lower Mw; for commercial‑grade high Mw
CTA is minimal.

Additives / plasticizers ≤5 % For tuning Tg; small amounts of
di- or triesters (e.g., dibutyl phthalate) can be added.

—

2. How each component influences the final product

Component Effect on Mw, dispersity (Đ), Tg, and mechanical properties

Monomer High purity → fewer side‑chain defects; low impurities
lead to higher polymerization efficiency and higher Mw.

Initiator concentration Directly controls chain‑ending events.
Higher initiator → more chains, lower Mw.

Chain transfer agent Introduces a reversible termination mechanism; can narrow Đ but limits Mw unless stoichiometric amounts are used.

Polymerization solvent / monomer ratio Solvent dilutes the system → reduces viscosity and
chain–chain collisions → higher Mw. In high‑viscosity systems, limited diffusion lowers Mw.

Temperature Affects reaction rate constants; higher temperature increases initiation and propagation rates but may also
increase termination.

Catalyst loading Higher catalyst accelerates initiation → more chains → lower Mw.

Reaction time Longer times allow for more chain growth but also increased chance of chain transfer or termination events, potentially reducing average Mw.

—

3. How to Reduce Polydispersity Index (PDI)

The PDI is a measure of the breadth of the molecular‑weight distribution:

[
\textPDI = \fracM_\mathrmwM_\mathrmn
]
where \(M_\mathrmw\) is weight‑average and \(M_\mathrmn\) is number‑average.

Strategy How it Works Effect on PDI

Use a living polymerization technique (e.g., ATRP, RAFT, NMP) Termination and chain transfer events are minimized; all chains
grow at the same rate. Drastically reduces PDI,
often to 1.05–1.15

Employ stoichiometric control of initiator/monomer ratio Ensures each initiator site starts a chain that consumes a defined amount of monomer.
Helps maintain uniform chain lengths; lowers PDI

Add chain transfer agents in controlled amounts
(e.g., RAFT agents) Regulates the number of active chains and keeps
them at similar sizes. Keeps PDI low, allows for block
copolymer synthesis

Use a temperature ramp or slow monomer addition Allows for gradual polymerization; reduces local supersaturation and chain length disparities.
Improves uniformity, lowers PDI

Employ „living” polymerization techniques (e.g., ATRP) Eliminates termination reactions; keeps chains from growing beyond
controlled rates. Very low PDI ( 250^\circC\), \(T_m > 300^\circC\) High thermal stability; excellent dimensional stability at high temperatures.
Lower stiffness compared to PEEK/PPSU; requires crosslinking
for enhanced mechanical performance.

Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) \(E’ \approx 4–5\) GPa, \(T_g \approx
130^\circC\), \(T_m > 300^\circC\) Good chemical
resistance; moderate stiffness and strength.
Lower temperature performance relative to PEEK/PPSU.

Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) \(E’ \approx 4–5\) GPa,
\(T_g \approx 143^\circC\), \(T_m > 340^\circC\) High strength and stiffness; excellent
thermal stability. Costly manufacturing processes.

Polyphthalonitrile (PPN) \(E’ \approx 3–4\) GPa, \(T_g \approx 120^\circC\), \(T_m
> 250^\circC\) Good mechanical properties; high thermal stability.
Limited processing options.

Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) \(E’ \approx 3–4\) GPa, \(T_g \approx 190^\circC\), \(T_m > 280^\circC\) Excellent mechanical properties; high thermal stability.
Limited processing options.

Polyimide (PI) \(E’ \approx 2–3\) GPa,
\(T_g \approx 400°C\), \(T_m > 450°C\) Excellent mechanical and electrical properties;
high thermal stability. Processing challenges due to
high viscosity.

Polybenzimidazole (PBI) \(E’ \approx 1–2\) GPa, \(T_g
\approx 300°C\), \(T_m > 400°C\) Excellent mechanical
and electrical properties; high thermal stability.
Limited processing options due to high viscosity.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) \(E’ \approx 0.5–1\) GPa, \(T_g \approx -80°C\), \(T_m \approx 170°C\) High strength and flexibility.

Sure! Here’s the revised table:

Polymer Elastic Modulus (MPa) Tensile Strength (MPa) Density (g/cm³) Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)

Polyethylene 200-300 20-30 0.91-0.95 0.35-0.45

Polypropylene 300-500 30-50 0.90-0.92 0.34-0.44

Polystyrene 3,000-5,000 40-60 1.05-1.08 0.15-0.25

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 400-600 30-50 1.38-1.41 0.12-0.20

Nylon 6 2,000-3,500 40-60 1.15-1.18 0.14-0.25

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Gala Boksu w hali MOSiR

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